Improving perioperative acetaminophen administration for safer and cost-effective multimodal analgesia in pediatric surgery: A QI initiative.

BACKGROUND: The use of acetaminophen in the perioperative period has emerged as an attractive option for providing safer and cost-effective analgesia in children. AIMS: The primary aim of our project was to increase the use of acetaminophen (both oral and intravenous) in the perioperative period from a baseline of 39.5% to 50% for all surgical patients within 24 months. The secondary aim was to increase the use of enteral acetaminophen from 10% to 52.5% during the same period. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team was formed, and model for improvement was chosen as the QI methodology. The primary measure was the total percentage of surgical patients receiving any form of perioperative acetaminophen, while our secondary measure was the percentage use of oral acetaminophen administration. We also tracked the average maximum PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit) pain scores and the percentage of patients receiving IV opioids. Multiple interventions were conducted, including education, increasing the availability of acetaminophen, and optimizing the electronic medical record (EMR). Monthly data was collected using an automated report in the EMR. RESULTS: We successfully achieved our goal, increasing the use of acetaminophen from 39.5% to 70% within four months. Despite some fluctuations, by the end of 24 months, we not only met but surpassed our goal, with 63% of patients receiving perioperative acetaminophen. Similarly, the usage of oral acetaminophen increased from a baseline of 10% to 78%. Our average maximum PACU pain scores improved from 5.4 to 5.2, and the percentage of patients receiving rescue opioids decreased from 15.4 to 13.1. CONCLUSION: We successfully achieved and sustained our goals of improving acetaminophen use for our surgical patients without worsening pain scores or worsening use of intravenous opioids. Future directions include further refining our strategies and exploring additional opportunities to optimize pain management in pediatric perioperative settings.

Atomic Theory and Multiple Combining Proportions: The Search for Whole Number Ratios.

John Dalton's atomic theory, with its postulate of compound formation through atom-to-atom combination, brought a new perspective to weight relationships in chemical reactions. A presumed one-to-one combination of atoms A and B to form a simple compound AB allowed Dalton to construct his first table of relative atomic weights from literature analyses of appropriate binary compounds. For such simple binary compounds, the atomic theory had little advantages over affinity theory as an explanation of fixed proportions by weight. For ternary compounds of the form AB2, however, atomic theory made quantitative predictions that were not deducible from affinity theory. Atomic theory required that the weight of B in the compound AB2 be exactly twice that in the compound AB. Dalton, Thomas Thomson and William Hyde Wollaston all published within a few years of each other experimental data that claimed to give the predicted results with the required accuracy. There are nonetheless several experimental barriers to obtaining the desired integral multiple proportions. In this paper I will discuss replication experiments which demonstrate that only Wollaston's results are experimentally reliable. It is likely that such replicability explains why Wollaston's experiments were so influential.

Adherence: a review of education, research, practice, and policy in the United States / Cumplimiento: revisión de la educación, investigación, práctica y política en Estados Unidos

Objective: To describe the education, research, practice, and policy related to pharmacist interventions to improve medication adherence in community settings in the United States. Methods: Authors used MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (since 1990) to identify community and ambulatory pharmacy intervention studies which aimed to improve medication adherence. The authors also searched the primary literature using Ovid to identify studies related to the pharmacy teaching of medication adherence. The bibliographies of relevant studies were reviewed in order to identify additional literature. We searched the tables of content of three US pharmacy education journals and reviewed the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy website for materials on teaching adherence principles. Policies related to medication adherence were identified based on what was commonly known to the authors from professional experience, attendance at professional meetings, and pharmacy journals. Results: Research and Practice: 29 studies were identified: 18 randomized controlled trials; 3 prospective cohort studies; 2 retrospective cohort studies; 5 case-controlled studies; and one other study. There was considerable variability in types of interventions and use of adherence measures. Many of the interventions were completed by pharmacists with advanced clinical backgrounds and not typical of pharmacists in community settings. The positive intervention effects had either decreased or not been sustained after interventions were removed. Although not formally assessed, in general, the average community pharmacy did not routinely assess and/or intervene on medication adherence. Education: National pharmacy education groups support the need for pharmacists to learn and use adherence-related skills. Educational efforts involving adherence have focused on students' awareness of adherence barriers and communication skills needed to engage patients in behavioral change. Policy: Several changes in pharmacy practice and national legislation have provided pharmacists opportunities to intervene and monitor medication adherence. Some of these changes have involved the use of technologies and provision of specialized services to improve adherence. Conclusions: Researchers and practitioners need to evaluate feasible and sustainable models for pharmacists in community settings to consistently and efficiently help patients better use their medications and improve their health outcomes (AU)

Objetivo: Describir la educación, investigación, practica y política relacionadas con las intervenciones farmacéuticas para mejorar el cumplimiento de la medicación en establecimientos comunitarios en Estados Unidos. Métodos: Los autores utilizaron Medline e International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (desde 1990) para identificar los estudios de intervención de farmacia comunitaria y ambulatoria que trataban de mejorar el cumplimiento de la medicación. Los autores también buscaron en literatura primaria usando Ovid para identificar estudios relativos a la enseñanza de farmacia sobre cumplimiento de la medicación. Se revisaron las bibliografías de los estudios relevantes para identificar literatura adicional. Buscamos en los sumarios de tres revistas de educación de farmacia de Estados Unidos y se revisó la web de la Asociación Americana de Facultades de Farmacia a la busca de materiales sobre principios de educación sobre cumplimiento. Las políticas relacionadas con cumplimiento de medicación se identificaron mediante lo que era conocido por los autores desde su experiencia profesional, asistencia a congresos y revistas farmacéuticas. Resultados: Investigación y práctica: se identificaron 29 estudios: 18 ensayos controlados aleatorizados; 3 estudios de cohorte prospectivos; 2 estudios de cohorte retrospectivos; 5 estudios de caso control; y otro estudio. Hubo una considerable variabilidad en los tipos de intervenciones y en el uso de medidas del cumplimiento. Muchas de las intervenciones eran realizadas por farmacéuticos con formación clínica avanzada y no por típicos farmacéuticos comunitarios. Los efectos positivos de las intervenciones disminuyeron o no se mantuvieron después de que las intervenciones desaparecieron. Aunque no se evaluó formalmente, en general, las farmacias comunitarias normales no evaluaban rutinariamente y/o intervenían en el cumplimiento de la medicación. Educación: Los grupos nacionales de educación de farmacia apoyan la necesidad de que los farmacéuticos aprendan y usen habilidades relacionadas con el cumplimiento. Los esfuerzos educativos relacionados con el cumplimiento se han centrado en el conocimiento de los estudiantes de las barreras al cumplimiento y en las habilidades de comunicación necesarias para envolver a los pacientes en un cambio actitudinal. Política: Varios cambios en el ejercicio de la farmacia y en la legislación nacional han proporcionado a los farmacéuticos la oportunidad de intervenir y monitorizar el cumplimiento de la medicación. Algunos de estos cambios incluyeron el uso de tecnologías y la provisión de servicios especializados para mejorar el cumplimiento. Conclusiones: Los investigadores y facultativos necesitan evaluar modelos factibles y sostenibles para los farmacéuticos en la comunidad para ayudar consistente y eficientemente a pacientes en su mejor uso de las medicaciones y mejorar sus resultados en salud (AU)

Adherence: a review of education, research, practice, and policy in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the education, research, practice, and policy related to pharmacist interventions to improve medication adherence in community settings in the United States. METHODS: Authors used MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (since 1990) to identify community and ambulatory pharmacy intervention studies which aimed to improve medication adherence. The authors also searched the primary literature using Ovid to identify studies related to the pharmacy teaching of medication adherence. The bibliographies of relevant studies were reviewed in order to identify additional literature. We searched the tables of content of three US pharmacy education journals and reviewed the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy website for materials on teaching adherence principles. Policies related to medication adherence were identified based on what was commonly known to the authors from professional experience, attendance at professional meetings, and pharmacy journals. RESULTS: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: 29 studies were identified: 18 randomized controlled trials; 3 prospective cohort studies; 2 retrospective cohort studies; 5 case-controlled studies; and one other study. There was considerable variability in types of interventions and use of adherence measures. Many of the interventions were completed by pharmacists with advanced clinical backgrounds and not typical of pharmacists in community settings. The positive intervention effects had either decreased or not been sustained after interventions were removed. Although not formally assessed, in general, the average community pharmacy did not routinely assess and/or intervene on medication adherence. EDUCATION: National pharmacy education groups support the need for pharmacists to learn and use adherence-related skills. Educational efforts involving adherence have focused on students' awareness of adherence barriers and communication skills needed to engage patients in behavioral change. POLICY: Several changes in pharmacy practice and national legislation have provided pharmacists opportunities to intervene and monitor medication adherence. Some of these changes have involved the use of technologies and provision of specialized services to improve adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Researchers and practitioners need to evaluate feasible and sustainable models for pharmacists in community settings to consistently and efficiently help patients better use their medications and improve their health outcomes.

Cardiac arrest at induction of anesthesia in a child with undiagnosed right-ventricular dependent coronary circulation: a case report.

Pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest occurs in 1.4 per 10,000 anesthetics, with an overall mortality rate of 26%. The etiology of the arrest is identifiable in the majority of these patients. We report the case of a child with a complex congenital heart defect, who sustained a cardiac arrest at induction of anesthesia, secondary to right-ventricular dependent coronary circulation. We discuss the incidence, risks, anesthetic management and outcomes of pediatric cardiac arrest in the perioperative period especially in patients with complex congenital heart disease.